24 March 2020 It is possible that we may meet on this day beginning at 14:15 via Google Meet. The office of the Registrar (Segreteria) is working to establish an online learning platform for this meeting the agenda is available by following this link.
The revised course outline due to the Coronavirus is available below at this link.
Pontifical Liturgy Institute
The four interpretative keys
in liturgical ritual
Taught by: Daniel McCarthy
I serve as a liturgical consultant for building and renovating churches.
Seminar offered in Italian: 94516 (3 ECTS)
This page has been prepared for the Spring semester 2020.
Brief description
The four interpretative keys are: mimesis (imitation) and anamnesis (memorial: consisting of the ritual programme and narration of the saving works of God); epiclesis (invocation) and presentation of ourselves before God for who we are and wish to become; eschatology (the fulfilling, the filling full) and moral behaviour in society; theosis whereby we share in the life of the Triune Divine Persons by becoming fully human persons with the exercise of personal freedom in the mutual exchange of love. These are intrinsic to every liturgical rite but in ways proper to the symbols, rituals and texts of each rite celebrated in its artistic and architectural context. This seminar provides an interdisciplinary consideration of these interpretative keys both through an analysis of prayers, ritual expression, artistic programme and architectural design. The student applies these keys to a rite celebrated in a church both of the student’s choice.
Aims:
By the end of this seminar the student will be able to …
- describe the theory behind each of the four interpretative keys,
- explain the four interpretative keys in liturgical texts, ritual narrative, artistic programmes and architectural designs,
- interpret the particular expression of the four interpretative keys in a rite celebrated in a church both of the student’s choice,
- develop a critical facility for interpreting the role of the four interpretative keys
- develop an ability for developing the ritual narrative in a particular church so that the four interpretative keys may be more fully expressed.
Structure of the Seminar
The four interpretative keys are: 1) anamnesis (memorial) consists of two elements: the ritual programme and the narration of the saving works of God; 2) epiclesis (invocation) and the presentation of ourselves before God for who we are and who we hope to become; 3) eschatology (the fulfilling, the filling full) and moral behaviour in the present life; 4) theosis (sharing in divine life) which consists in becoming a full human person, like the three persons of the Divine Trinity, by coming to the exercise of personal freedom in the mutual exchange of love. These are based on the work of Enzo Lodi and then Prof. Renato De Zan, and then further developed and organised into these groupings by Prof. James Leachman and the instructor.
These four interpretative keys will be presented in prayer texts, ritual narrative, artistic programmes and architectural design. Their different syntheses will be presented in terms of the bones: after the resurrection there are no bones in the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem; Peter’s bones remain in St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome; there originally were no bones at Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. The absence, presence or lack of bones effects both the anamnetic and eschatological character of the liturgies celebrated in each of these three basilicas as well as liturgy’s epicletic and theotic dimensions.
Students have regular opportunity to discuss these interpretative keys and to apply them to a chosen rite celebrated in a church of one’s choice to develop a critical examination of the rite and to develop recommendations for further developing the ritual narrative in its artistic and architectural context.
Learning activities
Lectures by the instructor, followed by discussion among the students who then apply the principles to a ritual celebrated in a church both of the student’s choice.
Schedule
Martedì, febbraio 18, 25, 2019
Martedì, marzo 3, 10, 17, 24, 2019
New hours: 14:15-17:35
Primo periodo: 14:15-15:00
Pausa: 15:00-15:05
Secondo periodo: 15:05-15:50
Pausa: 15:50-16:00
Terza periodo: 16:00-16:45
Pausa: 16:45-16:50
Quarto periodo: 16:50-17:35
Office hours
Si prega di non telefonare l’istruttore. Mandalo un email, invece, a: danielmccarthyosb AT mac DOT com.
L’istruttore è disponibile fuori orario per appuntamento.
Bibliography:
♦ McCarthy, D.P. – J.G. Leachman, Come into the Light: Church interiors for the celebration of liturgy, (DREI, Liturgiam provehens architectura : Architecture Promoting Liturgy) Canterbury Press – The Tablet, Norwich – London 2016.
♦ Transition in the Easter Vigil: Becoming Humans, ed. J.G. Leachman – D.P. McCarthy (Documenta rerum ecclesiasticarum instaurata, Liturgiam aestimare: Appreciating the Liturgy) St. Michael’s Abbey Press, Farnborough, England 2011.
♦ Appreciating the Collect: An Irenic Methodology, ed. J.G. Leachman – D.P. McCarthy (DREI, LA : AL) St. Michael’s Abbey Press, Farnborough, England 2008.
♦ McCarthy, D., “Seeing a Reflection, Considering Appearances: The History, Theology and Literary Composition of the Missale Romanum at a Time of Vernacular Reflection”, Questions Liturgiques / Studies in Liturgy94 (2013) 109-143.
♦ Leachman, J.G., “A Liturgical Study of the Proper Prayers for St Charles of St Andrew Houben, C.P.: (1) The Opening Prayer, Questions liturgiques/ Studies in Liturgy92 (2011) 29-45
Examination:
Attending the sessions and participating in the discussion accounts for 50% of the final mark. The other 50% is for the final paper in which the student applies the principles learned to the ritual celebrated in a church of one’s choice and gives a critical appreciation and even suggestions on how to develop the ritual and its artistic and architectural context.
The student presents his or her findings regulairly in class discussion which offers the opportunity to revise the material based on class discussion and feedback from the instructor, before submitting a research paper of 10 pages of text but not more than 15 pages, following the norms of the PIL (without binding). The norms of the PIL may be downloaded here. The 10-15 pages of text does not include the title page, bibliography, appended images of the church or appended drawings.
Criteria for evaluation: Both the regular in class presentations by the student of his or her ongoing research and the final paper are assessed based on the following criteria:
- understanding of the method and quality of its application to the particular prayer,
- logical organisation of the material and its clear presentation,
- accuracy of information and analysis,
- consistency in style of notes and bibliography,
- sources preferaby in their original languages,
- theological accuracy.
When: Students may submit their paper by the last session held on 24 March 2020 so that the instructor may review the paper and make comments on the text for the student’s condsideration. Thereafter the instructor will return the paper by returning it to the registrar’s office (Segreteria) where the instructor will leave the paper it in the box with the letter corresponding to the first letter of the student’s surname. In this way the student can consider the instructor’s comments and revise the paper before final submission. On or before 30 April 2020 please turn the paper in to the Registrar (Segreteria) who will stamp it as received and hold it for the professor to pick up. If the student would like to receive back a copy with the professor’s comments written on it, please indicate this on the final paper submitted.
Academic program
The program of studies, course descriptions and calendar for the academic year 2019-2020 is available for download here.
Place
This course is offered in English at the Pontifical Institute of Liturgy housed at:
Sant’Anselmo
Piazza Cavalieri di Malta, 5
00153 Roma, Italia
See map below.
Revised course outline due to the Coronavirus.
Due to the social interruption caused by the coronavirus, by necessity this seminar must make greater use of reading the resources given in the biography as a basis for writing the seminar paper. The following detailed instructions are intended to help participants get the most out of these written sources. I have organised the following on the basis of the bibliography given for this course with the addition of one further article given last. If I were to recommend two sources in particular they are the chapters indicated below in the volume Come into the Light and the pages indicated in the article “A Gentle light in Mourning”.
Because we have completed half of our classroom sessions together, we must revise the expectations for your seminar paper. Originally I had envisioned each paper to consider all four interpretative keys present in a specific ritual action celebrated in a designated church. Because we were not able to discuss all four of the interpretative keys, the participant is encouraged to read the following material in order to consider all four of the interpretative keys and then to choose to consider either one key, a combination of two or three keys or all four keys in the seminar paper. Students who choose to consider only one interpretative key such as anamnesis or epiclesis will not be penalised for not including all four keys, but the presentation of the chosen key or keys would naturally be more comprehensive than if a student considered all four keys in a paper of the same length.
Students are invited to submit the draft of their paper to the instructor before Thursday, 24 March 2020, as originally scheduled. The instructor will read and comment on the papers presented by that date so that the author may then revise the paper before submitting it by the original due date on or before 30 April 2020. If these dates are not feasible for you, then please let me know and we shall revise the dates. I will be willing to receive your final papers through the first week of October 2020.
Bibliography:
♦ McCarthy, D.P. – J.G. Leachman, Come into the Light: Church interiors for the celebration of liturgy, (DREI, Liturgiam provehens architectura : Architecture Promoting Liturgy) Canterbury Press – The Tablet, Norwich – London 2016 (link).
The anamnetic description of signing oneself with the sign of the cross using water taken from the baptismal font in the introduction to the volume, on page xxviii.
The double procession leading to encounter is described in the introduction to the volume, on pages xxviii, xxix.
Chapters 1-2 discuss the ritual structure of baptism celebrated in the baptismal font located in the baptistery, its architectural structure, artistic program and cosmic reference as a place of light.
Chapters 6-10 discuss the ritual structure of the ambo, its architectural structure, artistic program and cosmic reference.
Chapter 11 discusses the ritual structure of consummation of the meal celebrated around the altar with its ciborium.
Chapter 12 discusses the double procession toward encounter celebrated in liturgy.
Chapter 13 discusses theosis, which we did not have time to discuss in person during our seminar.
Chapter 14 discusses eschatology, which we only began to consider in in person during our seminar.
Chapter 15 discusses all three axes of a church and their theological significance.
Chapter 17 discusses the sacramental nature of liturgy that reveals the deeper meaning of our daily behaviours which in their turn embody the sacraments celebrated in liturgy.
♦ Transition in the Easter Vigil: Becoming Humans, ed. J.G. Leachman – D.P. McCarthy (Documenta rerum ecclesiasticarum instaurata, Liturgiam aestimare: Appreciating the Liturgy) St. Michael’s Abbey Press, Farnborough, England 2011 (link).
Anamnesis is presented on pages 124-127.
Epiclesis is presented on pages 123-124.
Eschatology is presented on pages 127-128.
Theosis is presented on pages 333-38.
♦ Appreciating the Collect: An Irenic Methodology, ed. J.G. Leachman – D.P. McCarthy (DREI, LA : AL) St. Michael’s Abbey Press, Farnborough, England 2008 (link).
Anamnesis is presented on pages 127-28, 197-219.
Epiclesis is presented on pages 128-129
The stages of human maturation (associated with epiclesis) in four collects are presented on pages 131, 197-219.
Eschatology is presented on pages 197-219.
Theosis is presented on pages 130-31.
♦ McCarthy, D., “Seeing a Reflection, Considering Appearances: The History, Theology and Literary Composition of the Missale Romanum at a Time of Vernacular Reflection”, Questions Liturgiques / Studies in Liturgy 94 (2013) 109-143 (link).
Anamnesis is presented on pages 123-24 under the heading “Active”.
Epiclesis is presented on pages 125-26 under the heading “Here”.
Eschatology is presented on pages 122-123 under the heading “Now”.
Theosis is presented on pages 126-128 under the heading “Personal”.
♦ Leachman, J.G., “A Liturgical Study of the Proper Prayers for St Charles of St Andrew Houben, C.P.: (1) The Opening Prayer, Questions liturgiques / Studies in Liturgy92 (2011) 29-45 (link).
Anamnesis is presented on pages 40-41.
Epiclesis is presented on pages 39-40.
Eschatology is presented on pages 41-42.
Theosis is presented on pages section 5.1 on page 39, section 5.5 on pages 42-44.
♦ McCarthy, D.P., “A Gentle light in Mourning, Fulfilling Christian Initiation and Life at Funerals”, Ecclesia Orans 36 (2019) 89-119 (link).
Anamnesis is presented on pages 106-107.
Epiclesis is presented on pages 107-110.
Eschatology is presented on pages 110-111.
Theosis is presented on pages 111-114.
The following helpful resources are not necessary for the seminar paper.
The other resources concerning epiclesis mentioned when we last met are the following:
McKenna, J., The Eucharistic Epiclesis: A Detailed History from the Patristic to the Modern Era, Liturgy Training Publications, Chicago 2 2008.
McGowan, A., Eucharistic Epicleses, Ancient and Modern: Speaking of the Spirit in Eucharistic Prayers (Alcuin Club Collections 89), Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK), London 2014.
Taft, R.F., “From logos to Spirit: On the early history of the epiclesis”, Gratias agamus. Studien zum eucharistischen Hochgebet für Balthasar Fischer, ed. A. Heitz – H. Rennings, Herder, Freiburt – Basel – Vienna 1992, 489-501.
Taft, R.F., “The Epiclesis question in the light of the Orthodox and Catholic lex orandi traditions”, New Perspectives on Historical Theology. Essays in memory of John Meyendorff, ed. B. Nassif, W.B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids – Cambridge 1996, 210-237.
Resources concerning theosis include the following. The one by Norman Russell is fundamental.
Deification in the Latin Patristic Tradition, ed. J. Ortiz (CUA Studies in Early Chrisatianity), Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C. 2019.
Ladner, G., The Idea of Reform: Its Impact on Christian Thought and Action in the Age of the Fathers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass 1959, 133-316.
Lukken, G.M., Original Sin in the Roman Liturgy: Research into the Theology of Original Sin in the Roman Sacramentaria and the Early Baptismal Liturgy, Brill, Leiden 1973, 73-74.
Meconi, D.V., The One Christ: St. Augustine’s theology of deification, Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C. 2013.
Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deification in the Christian Tradition, ed. M.J. Christensen – J.A. Wittung, Baker Academic, Grand Rapids Michigan 2007.
Russell, N., The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (Oxford Early Christian Studies), Oxford UP, Oxford 2006.
Theōsis: Deificaiton in Christian Theology, ed. S. Finlan – V. Kharlamov (Princeton Theological Monograph Series), Pickwick Publications, Eugene Oregon 2006.
The other
Schedule in detail
Prepared for academic year 2019-2020
Encounter 1: 18 February 2020
Download the following handouts and if you like print them and bring them for use during our first encounter:
this handout on William Durandus
this handout from the General Instruction of the Roman Missal
this handout on scriptural texts.
Instruction:
- We shall begin with a review of the course syllabus.
- Much of this first encounter will begiven to presentations by the instructor on anamnesis. The instructor will distinguish allegory from anamnesis and will distinguish mimesis from anamnesis and will present the two essential elements of anamnesis, both the ritual programme and the narration of saving events. We shall examine ritual narratives, architectural design and artistic programmes for their anamnetic character.
- By the end of this first session, each participant in the course are requested to pick both a liturgical rite which he or she will consider in subsequent encounters as well as a particular church in which that rite is celebrated. During the second encounter participants will each present the anamnetic character of the rite he or she has chosen.
Encounter 2: 25 February 2020
Instruction:
- During the first two to three sessions of this encounter the instructor continued the presentation of anamnesis.
Presentations:
- We shall spend the last sessionor two of this encounter considering presentations by each participant of the rite he or she has chosen and its anamnetic character as celebrated in an identified church.
- In presenting one’s chosen rite, each participant is requested to distinguish allegory from anamnesis and mimesis from anamnesis and to present the two essential elements of anamnesis both the ritual programme and the narration of saving events.
- The instructor will present examples of the anamnetic character of various ritual narratives as they are or could be better celebrated in various churches, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly the epicletic character intrinsic to the rite.
- Each participant is requested to examine the anamnetic character of his or her chosen ritual narrative as it is or could be more fully celebrated in the church of his or her choice, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly the anamnetic dimension intrinsic to the rite.
Encounter 3: 3 March 2020
Instruction:
- We shall begin this session with a quick review of the anamnetic basis of ritual action. Please download this handout from the General Instruction of the Roman Missal.
- During the first two to three sessions of this encounter the instructor will present first the epicletic and then the eschatological character of liturgical rites.
Epiclesis:
- The interpretative key pairs the liturgical assembly’s presentation of itself with its invocation that God may continue to form the assembly in the divine image.
- The instructor will distinguish the ways in which the liturgical assembly presents itself both in its dignity as the body of Christ manifested for the life of the world and in the desire of the liturgical assembly, supple to the promptings of the Holy Spirit, to give itself ever more fully to Christ’s manifestation of himself, the assembly’s deepest identity.
- The instructor will indicate the ways in which the liturgical assembly invokes the gift of the Holy Spirit upon the gifts of bread and wine so that all who share in the body and blood of Christ may be one spirit one body in Chirst.
- The instructor will present examples of the epicletic character of various ritual narratives as they are or could be better celebrated in various churches, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly the epicletic character intrinsic to the rite.
Eschatology:
- During the first two to three sessions of this encounter the instructor will present the eschatological character of liturgical rites.
- The eschatological character is understood as a “filling full” with divine life or a “full-filling” of divine glory already revealed in Christ and already begun in us.
- This interpretative key considers the full-filling already in progress as latent in the moral behaviour of persons and community.
- Latent in our moral behaviour, this filling full develops within a person as one matures over the course of a lifetime and it develops within a community as it develops.
- The instructor will present examples of the eschatological character various ritual narratives as they are or could be better celebrated in various churches, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly the eschatological character intrinsic to the rite.
Presentations: Epiclesis
- We shall spend two sessions of this encounter considering presentations by each participant of the rite he or she has chosen and its epicletic character as celebrated in an identified church.
- In presenting one’s chosen rite, each participant is requested to distinguish the two parts of this interpretative key: the liturgical assembly’s presentation of itself with its invocation that God may continue to form the assembly in the divine image.
- Each participant will distinguish the ways in which the liturgical assembly presents itself both in its dignity as the body of Christ manifested for the life of the world and in the desire of the liturgical assembly, supple to the promptings of the Holy Spirit, to give itself ever more fully to Christ’s manifestation of himself, the assembly’s deepest identity.
- Each participant is encouraged to indicate the ways in which the liturgical assembly invokes the divine presence in the chosen rite so that the liturgical assembly may share ever more fully in divine life.
- Each participant is requested to examine his or her chosen ritual narrative as it is or could be more fully celebrated in the church of his or her choice, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly the epicletic dimension intrinsic to the rite.
Presentations: Eschatology
- Participants shall also discuss the eschatological character of the chosen rite celebrated in an identified church.
- In presenting one’s chosen rite, each participant is encouraged to discern the moral behaviour implicit in the rite, as well as the process of human maturation that occurrs in celebrating the named rite over the course of a lifetime.
- In identifying a particular community that celebrates the rite, the participant may be able to discern the moral behaviour of the community as a leaven in the larger world and describe the changing character of this commitment over the history of the named community responding to the changing conditions in society.
- Each participant is requested to examine his or her chosen ritual narrative as it is or could be more fully celebrated in the church of his or her choice, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly the eschatological dimension intrinsic to the rite.
Encounter 4: 10 March 2020
Instruction:
- During the first two or three sessions of this encounter the instructor will present theosis as an intrensic character of liturgical rites.
- Liturgy is the self-gift of Christ in the power of the Spirit to God the Father almighty. We share in this liturgy in at least two ways.
- First, humanity already shares in divine life in the person of Christ whose full humanity is united to his full divinity. The instructor refers to this as the theanthropic character of liturgy.
- Second, while the study of theosis is broad and many layered, our introductory presentation will consider theosis as the human experience of coming to exercise personal freedom in the mutual exchange of love in imitation of the three persons of the Divine Trinity who are united without confusion, distinct without divison.
- Theosis is presented as a form of axiological change in a person, that is a change in status or dignity, which is often represented by the vertical axis of a church.
- Theosis and the theanthropic character of liturgy are presented in various ritual narratives as they are or could be better celebrated in various churches, which includes which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme expressing outwardly these characters intrinsic to the rite.
Presentations:
- We shall spend the last session or two of this encounter considering presentations by each participant of the rite he or she has chosen and its expression of theosis and of its theanthropic character as celebrated in an identified church.
- In presenting one’s chosen rite, each participant is encourage to distinguish the role of Christ, fully divine, fully human, and the process of our theosis or coming to the exercise of personal freedom in the mutual exchange of love as a reflection of the Triune God.
- In identifying a particular community that celebrates the rite, the participant may be able to discern the moral behaviour of the community as a leaven in the larger world and describe the changing character of this commitment over the history of the named community responding to the changing conditions in society.
- Theosis is presented as a form of axiological change in a person, that is a change in status or dignity, which is often represented by the vertical axis of a church and in rites of rising up.
- Each participant is requested to examine his or her chosen ritual narrative as it is or could be more fully celebrated in the church of his or her choice, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme giving outward expression to theosis and to the theanthropic character of the rite.
Encounter 5: 7 17 March 2020
Instruction:
- The instructor will present the ritual narrative of baptism and of the eucharist according to the four interpretative keys. Anamnesis provides the basic ritual programme over which epiclesis is mapped. These lead to a double procession of Christ to his body the liturgical assembly who runs out to meet Christ the one coming. This double procession leads to an encounter in which we are changed in two ways. Theosis is a change of state or dignity which occurrs all at once. The eschatologial character of our change involves our gradual maturation in our moral conduct in the world.
- The instructor will conclude the instruction on the interpretative keys with a presentation of the grand unified theory present in the bones.
Encounter 6: 24 March 2020
It is possible that we may meet on this day beginning at 14:15 via Google Meet. The office of the Registrar (Segreteria) is working to establish an online learning platform for this meeting. If we do indeed meet today, here is an agenda:
- Clarifiy expectations for your paper.
- Establish revised due dates.
- As time remains, the instructor may present what remains of the interpretative keys. Are we only half way through the presentation of eschetology? We have yet to see anything of theosis.
- We shall discuss the process of writing a paper, which I have previously presented on this web-page in the following way.
- Respond to any questions you have about writing your paper.
Writing a paper:
- The instructor will discuss the process of writing a paper.
- For this seminar it involves selecting a specific church and if necessary proposing ways to develop the architectural design and artistic programme in order to enhance the ritual narration of liturgy.
- It also involves naming a specific rite to discuss. Now that all four of the interpretative keys have been discussed, the student is encouraged to choose a rite that presents all four of the keys in some way, albeit to different degrees.
- The writing process begins with a brief description of the chosen rite as celebrated in the named church.
- Next each interpretative keys is identified and its theory is briefly described, such as:
- Anamnesis (memorial) is on a continuum with mimesis (imitation)
Mimesis (imitation) tends toward allegorical, one-to-one imitation as in a dramatic re-enactment.
Anamnesis (memorial) consists of the ritual program (such as the five actions of Jesus at the Last Supper) and the narration of the saving works of God. - Epiclesis (invocation) is paired with the liturgical assembly’s presentation of itself both in its identity as the body of Christ and in its need to be changed.
- Eschatology (the filling full) is paired with our life-long maturation in moral action in the world, the way we treat others.
- Theosis may be understood on a trinitarian basis as coming to exercise personal freedom in the mutual exchange of love.
- After the first interpretative key is identified, then describe the anamnetic character of the rite celebrated in the church (artistic narrative, architectural design, cosmic context). After identifying each interpretative key and giving its theory, then describe it in the rite, art, architecture and their cosmic contexts.
- Give a summary that brings together in a brief statement all four interpretative keys inherent in the chosen rite celebrated in the identified church.
Writing a paper:
- The instructor will discuss the process of citing the writing of others. You may refer to this web-page for some initial considerations. Please read the section on citations and plagiarism.
- Students of the PIL are encouraged to read the statement against plagiarism which is part of the submission of a proposal for a tesina (download the PDF here). This paper written for this course follows the same guidelines against plagiarism.
Presentations: Each participant will have the opportunity to examine his or her chosen ritual narrative as it is or could be more fully celebrated in the church of his or her choice, which includes the architectural design supporting the rite and the cosmic context and artistic programme giving outward expression all four of the interpretative keys intrensic to the rite.
Materials continued
You may purchase our books from Sylvia or the English desk at:
Pauline multimedia
via del Mascherino, 94
00193 Roma
Tel. 06.6872354
Fax: 06.68308093
S.ga Sylvia: Inglese@paoline-multimedia.it
General enquiries: centro@paoline-multimedia.it
www.paoline-multimedia.it
Map:
You can often find my publications also at the Libreria Sole (link) in front of the Gregorian University as well as at the Libreria Leoniana (link) near the Vatican. The web-page for each of my publications gives buying information as well.
© 24 March 2020 by Daniel McCarthy